XML Namespaces and How They Affect XPath and XSLT

Article
06/30/2006

Dare Obasanjo
Microsoft Corporation

May 20, 2002

This is the first of what will hopefully be a long run of articles dedicated to demystifying the subtler aspects of W3C XML technologies supported by Microsoft. Although at its core XML is still fairly simple, the technologies that surround it have become more and more complex and some require considerable expertise to master. The purpose of this article, and the others that will follow is to distill the information in various W3C XML recommendations into easily digestible chunks for XML users and developers to consume.

The first article in this series is about an often misunderstood facet of XML—namespaces. XML namespaces are an integral aspect of most of the W3C's XML recommendations and working drafts, including XPath, XML Schema, XSLT, XQuery, SOAP, RDF, DOM, and XHTML. Understanding how namespaces work and how they interact with a number of other W3C technologies that are dependent on them is important for anyone working with XML to any significant degree.

This article explores the ins and outs of XML namespaces and their ramifications on a number of XML technologies that support namespaces.

Overview of XML Namespaces

As XML usage on the Internet became more widespread, the benefits of being able to create markup vocabularies that could be combined and reused similarly to how software modules are combined and reused became increasingly important. If a well defined markup vocabulary for describing coin collections, program configuration files, or fast food restaurant menus already existed, then reusing it made more sense than designing one from scratch. Combining multiple existing vocabularies to create new vocabularies whose whole was greater than the sum of its parts also became a feature that users of XML began to require.

However, the likelihood of identical markup, specifically XML elements and attributes, from different vocabularies with different semantics ending up in the same document became a problem. The very extensibility of XML and the fact that its usage had already become widespread across the Internet precluded simply specifying reserved elements or attribute names as the solution to this problem.

The goal of the W3C XML namespaces recommendation was to create a mechanism in which elements and attributes within an XML document that were from different markup vocabularies could be unambiguously identified and combined without processing problems ensuing. The XML namespaces recommendation provided a method for partitioning various items within an XML document based on processing requirements without placing undue restrictions on how these items should be named. For instance, elements named <template>, <output>, and <stylesheet> can occur in an XSLT stylesheet without there being ambiguity as to whether they are transformation directives or potential output of the transformation.

An XML namespace is a collection of names, identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) reference, which are used in XML documents as element and attribute names.

Namespace Declarations

Figure 1. An XML fragment that utilizes namespaces

A namespace declaration is typically used to map a namespace URI to a specific prefix. The scope of the prefix-namespace mapping is that of the element that the namespace declaration occurs on as well as all its children. An attribute declaration that begins with the prefix xmlns: is a namespace declaration. The value of such an attribute declaration should be a namespace URI which is the namespace name.

Here is an example of an XML document where the root element contains a namespace declaration that maps the prefix bk to the namespace name urn:xmlns:25hoursaday-com:bookstore and its child element contains an inventory element that contains a namespace declaration that maps the prefix inv to the namespace name urn:xmlns:25hoursaday-com:inventory-tracking.

<bk:bookstore xmlns:bk="urn:xmlns:25hoursaday-com:bookstore">
 <bk:book> 
    <bk:title>Lord of the Rings</bk:title> 
    <bk:author>J.R.R. Tolkien</bk:author>
    <inv:inventory status="in-stock" isbn="0345340426" 
        xmlns:inv="urn:xmlns:25hoursaday-com:inventory-tracking" />
 </bk:book> 
</bk:bookstore>

In the above example, the scope of the namespace declaration for the urn:xmlns:25hoursaday-com:bookstore namespace name is the entire bk:bookstore element, while that of the urn:xmlns:25hoursaday-com:inventory-tracking is the inv:inventory element. Namespace aware processors can process items from both namespaces independently of each other, which leads to the ability to do multi-layered processing of XML documents. For instance, RDDL documents are valid XHTML documents that can be rendered by a Web browser but also contain information using elements from the http://www.rddl.org namespace that can be used to locate machine readable resources about the members of an XML namespace.

It should be noted that by definition the prefix xml is bound to the XML namespace name and this special namespace is automatically predeclared with document scope in every well-formed XML document.

Default Namespaces

The previous section on namespace declarations is not entirely complete because it leaves out default namespaces. A default namespace declaration is an attribute declaration that has the name xmlns and its value is the namespace URI that is the namespace name.

A default namespace declaration specifies that every unprefixed element name in its scope be from the declaring namespace. Below is the bookstore example utilizing a default namespace instead of a prefix-namespace mapping.

<bookstore xmlns="urn:xmlns:25hoursaday-com:bookstore">
 <book> 
    <title>Lord of the Rings</title> 
    <author>J.R.R. Tolkien</author>
    <inv:inventory status="in-stock" isbn="0345340426" 
        xmlns:inv="urn:xmlns:25hoursaday-com:inventory-tracking" />
 </book> 
</bookstore>

All the elements in the above example except for the inv:inventory element belong to the urn:xmlns:25hoursaday-com:bookstore namespace. The primary purpose of default namespaces is to reduce the verbosity of XML documents that utilize namespaces. However, using default namespaces instead of utilizing explicitly mapped prefixes for element names can be confusing because it is not obvious that the elements in the document are namespace scoped.

Also, unlike regular namespace declarations, default namespace declarations can be undeclared by setting the value of the xmlns attribute to the empty string. Undeclaring default namespace declarations is a practice that should be avoided because it may lead to a document that has unprefixed names that belong to a namespace in one part of the document, but don't in another. For example, in the document below only the bookstore element is from the urn:xmlns:25hoursaday-com:bookstore while the other unprefixed elements have no namespace name.

<bookstore xmlns="urn:xmlns:25hoursaday-com:bookstore">
 <book > 
    <title>Lord of the Rings</title> 
    <author>J.R.R. Tolkien</author>
    <inv:inventory status="in-stock" isbn="0345340426" 
        xmlns:inv="urn:xmlns:25hoursaday-com:inventory-tracking" />
 </book> 
</bookstore>

This practice should be avoided because it leads to extremely confusing situations for readers of the XML document. For more information on undeclaring namespace declarations, see the section on Namespaces Future.

Qualified and Expanded Names

A qualified name, also known as a QName, is an XML name called the local name optionally preceded by another XML name called the prefix and a colon (':') character. The XML names used as the prefix and the local name must match the NCName production, which means that they must not contain a colon character. The prefix of a qualified name must have been mapped to a namespace URI through an in-scope namespace declaration mapping the prefix to the namespace URI. A qualified name can be used as either an attribute or element name.

Although QNames are important mnemonic guides to determining what namespace the elements and attributes within a document are derived from, they are rarely important to XML aware processors. For example, the following three XML documents would be treated identically by a range of XML technologies including, of course, XML schema validators.

<xs:schema xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
        <xs:complexType id="123" name="fooType"/>
</xs:schema>

<xsd:schema xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
        <xsd:complexType id="123" name="fooType"/>
</xsd:schema>

<schema xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
        <complexType id="123" name="fooType"/>
</schema>

The W3C XML Path Language recommendation describes an expanded name as a pair consisting of a namespace name and a local name. A universal name is an alternate term coined by James Clark to describe the same concept. A universal name consists of a namespace name in curly braces and a local name. Namespaces tend to make more sense to people when viewed through the lens of universal names. Here are the three XML documents from the previous example with the QNames replaced by universal names. Note that the syntax below is not valid XML syntax.

<{http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema}schema>  
<{http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema}complexType id="123" name="fooType"/>
</{http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema}schema>

<{http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema}schema>  
<{http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema}complexType id="123" name="fooType"/>
</{http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema}schema>

<{http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema}schema>  
<{http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema}complexType id="123" name="fooType"/>
</{http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema}schema>

To many XML applications, the universal name of the elements and attributes in an XML document are what is important, and not the values of the prefixes used in specific QNames. The primary reason the Namespaces in XML recommendation does not take the expanded name approach to specifying namespaces is due to its verbosity. Instead, prefix mappings and default namespaces are provided to save us all from developing carpal tunnel syndrome from typing namespace URIs endlessly.

Namespaces and Attributes

Namespace declarations do not apply to attributes unless the attribute's name is prefixed. In the XML document shown below the title attribute belongs to the bk:book element and has no namespace while the bk:title attribute has urn:xmlns:25hoursaday-com:bookstore as its namespace name. Note that even though both attributes have the same local name the document is well formed.

<bk:bookstore xmlns:bk="urn:xmlns:25hoursaday-com:bookstore">
   <bk:book title="Lord of the Rings, Book 3" bk:title="Return of the King"/> 
</bk:bookstore>

In the following example, the title attribute still has no namespace and belongs the book element even though there is a default namespace specified. In other words, attributes cannot inherit the default namespace.

<bookstore xmlns="urn:xmlns:25hoursaday-com:bookstore">
   <book title="Lord of the Rings, Book 3" /> 
</bookstore>

Namespace URIs

A namespace name is a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) as specified in RFC 2396. A URI is either a Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) or a Uniform Resource Names (URNs). URLs are used to specify the location of resources on the Internet, while URNs are supposed to be persistent, location-independent identifiers for information resources. Namespace names are considered to be identical only if they are the same character for character (case-sensitive). The primary justification for using URIs as namespace names is that they already provide a mechanism for specifying globally unique identities.

The XML namespaces recommendation states that namespace names are only to act as unique identifiers and do not have to actually identify network retrievable resources. This has led to much confusion amongst authors and users of XML documents, especially since the usage of HTTP based URLs as namespace names has grown in popularity. Because many applications convert such URIs to hyperlinks, it is irritating to many users that these "links" do not lead to Web pages or other network retrievable resource. I remember one user who likened it to being given a fake phone number in a social situation.

One solution to avoid confusing users is to use a namespace-naming schema that does not imply network retrievability of the resource. I personally use the urn:xmlns: scheme for this purpose and create namespace names similar to urn:xmlns:25hoursaday-com when authoring XML documents for personal use. The problem with homegrown namespace URIs is that they may run counter to the intent of the Names in XML recommendation by not being globally unique. I get around the globally unique requirement by using my personal domain name http://www.25hoursaday.com as part of the namespace URI.

Another solution is to leave a network retrievable resource at the URI that is the namespace name, such as is done with the XSLT and RDDL namespaces. Typically, such URIs are actually HTTP URLs. A good way to name such URLs is by using the format favored by the W3C, which is as follows:

      http://my.domain.example.org/product/[year/month][/area]

See the section on Namespaces and Versioning for more information on using similarly structured namespace names as a versioning mechanism.

DOM, XPath, and the XML Information Set on Namespaces

The W3C has defined a number of technologies that provide a data model for XML documents. These data models are generally in agreement, but sometimes differ in how they treat various edge cases due to historic reasons. Treatment of XML namespaces and namespace declarations is an example of an edge case that is treated differently in the three primary data models that exist as W3C recommendations. The three data models are the XPath data model, the Document Object Model (DOM), and the XML information set.

The XML information set (XML infoset) is an abstract description of the data in an XML document and can be considered to be the primary data model for an XML document. The XPath data model is a tree-based model that is traversed when querying an XML document and is similar to the XML information set. The DOM precedes both data models but is also similar to both data models in a number of ways. Both the DOM and the XPath data model can be considered to be interpretations of the XML infoset.

Namespaces in the Document Object Model (DOM)

The XML namespace section of the DOM Level 3 specification considers namespace declarations to be regular attribute nodes that have http://www.w3.org/2000/xmlns/ as their namespace name and xmlns as their prefix or qualified name.

Elements and attributes in the DOM have a namespace name that cannot be altered after they have been created regardless of whether their location within the document changes or not.

Namespaces in the XPath Data Model

The W3C XPath recommendation does not consider namespace declarations to be attribute nodes and does not provide access to them in that capacity. Instead, in XPath every element in an XML document has a number of namespace nodes that can be retrieved using the XPath namespace navigation axis.

Each element in the document has a unique set of namespace nodes for each namespace declaration in scope for that particular element. Namespace nodes are unique to each element in that namespace. Thus namespace nodes for two different elements that represent the same namespace declaration are not identical.

Namespaces in the XML Information Set

The XML infoset recommendation considers namespace declarations to be attribute information items.

In addition, similar to the XPath data model, each element information item in an XML document's information set has a namespace information item for each namespace that is in scope for the element.

XPath, XSLT and Namespaces

The W3C XML Path Language also known as XPath is used to address parts of an XML document and is used in a number of W3C XML technologies including XSLT, XPointer, XML Schema, and DOM Level 3. XPath uses a hierarchical addressing mechanism similar to that used in file systems and URLs to retrieve pieces of an XML document. XPath supports rudimentary manipulation of strings, numbers, and Booleans.

XPath and Namespaces

The XPath data model treats an XML document as a tree of nodes, such as element, attribute, and text nodes, where the name of each node is a combination of its local name and its namespace name (that is, its universal or expanded name).

For element and attribute nodes without namespaces, performing XPath queries is fairly straightforward. The following program, which can be used to query XML documents using the command line, shall be used to demonstrate the impact of namespaces on XPath queries.

using System.Xml.XPath; 
using System.Xml; 
using System;
using System.IO; 

class XPathQuery{

public static string PrintError(Exception e, string errStr){

  if(e == null) 
    return errStr; 
  else
    return PrintError(e.InnerException, errStr + e.Message ); 
} 

 public static void Main(string[] args){

   if((args.Length == 0) || (args.Length % 2)!= 0){
     Console.WriteLine("Usage: xpathquery source query <zero or more 
prefix and namespace pairs>");
      return; 
   }
   
   try{
     
     //Load the file.
     XmlDocument doc = new XmlDocument(); 
     doc.Load(args[0]); 

     //create prefix<->namespace mappings (if any) 
     XmlNamespaceManager  nsMgr = new XmlNamespaceManager(doc.NameTable);

     for(int i=2; i < args.Length; i+= 2)
       nsMgr.AddNamespace(args[i], args[i + 1]); 

     //Query the document 
     XmlNodeList nodes = doc.SelectNodes(args[1], nsMgr); 

     //print output 
     foreach(XmlNode node in nodes)
       Console.WriteLine(node.OuterXml + "\n\n");

   }catch(XmlException xmle){
     Console.WriteLine("ERROR: XML Parse error occured because " + 
PrintError(xmle, null));
   }catch(FileNotFoundException fnfe){
     Console.WriteLine("ERROR: " + PrintError(fnfe, null));
   }catch(XPathException xpath){
     Console.WriteLine("ERROR: The following error occured while querying 
the document: " 
             + PrintError(xpath, null));
   }catch(Exception e){
     Console.WriteLine("UNEXPECTED ERROR" + PrintError(e, null));
   }
 }
}

Given the following XML document that does not declare any namespaces, queries are fairly straightforward as seen in the examples following the code.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?> 
<bookstore> 
  <book genre="autobiography">
    <title>The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin</title>
    <author>
      <first-name>Benjamin</first-name>
      <last-name>Franklin</last-name>
    </author>
    <price>8.99</price>
  </book>
  <book genre="novel">
    <title>The Confidence Man</title>
    <author>
      <first-name>Herman</first-name>
      <last-name>Melville</last-name>
    </author>
    <price>11.99</price>
  </book>
</bookstore>

Example 1

xpathquery.exe bookstore.xml /bookstore/book/title

Selects all the title elements that are children of the book element whose parent is the bookstore element, which returns:
```
   <title>The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin</title>
   <title>The Confidence Man</title>
```
xpathquery.exe bookstore.xml //@genre

Select all the genre attributes in the document and returns:
```
   genre="autobiography"
   genre="novel"
```

xpathquery.exe bookstore.xml //title[(../author/first-name = 'Herman')]

Selects all the titles where the author's first name is "Herman" and returns:

   <title>The Confidence Man</title>

However, once namespaces are added to the mix, things are no longer as simple. The file below is identical to the original file except for the addition of namespaces and one attribute to one of the book elements.

<bookstore xmlns="urn:xmlns:25hoursaday-com:bookstore">
  <book genre="autobiography">
    <title>The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin</title>
    <author>
      <first-name>Benjamin</first-name>
      <last-name>Franklin</last-name>
    </author>
    <price>8.99</price>
  </book>
  <bk:book genre="novel" bk:genre="fiction" 
xmlns:bk="urn:xmlns:25hoursaday-com:bookstore">
    <bk:title>The Confidence Man</bk:title>
    <bk:author>
      <bk:first-name>Herman</bk:first-name>
      <bk:last-name>Melville</bk:last-name>
    </bk:author>
    <bk:price>11.99</bk:price>
  </bk:book>
</bookstore>

Note that the default namespace is in scope for the whole XML document, while the namespace declaration that maps the prefix bk to the namespace name urn:xmlns:25hoursaday-com:bookstore is in scope for the second book element only.

Example 2

xpathquery.exe bookstore.xml /bookstore/book/title

Selects all the title elements that are children of the book element whose parent is the bookstore element, which returns NO RESULTS.
xpathquery.exe bookstore.xml //@genre

Selects all the genre attributes in the document and returns:
```
   genre="autobiography"
   genre="novel"
```
xpathquery.exe bookstore.xml //title[(../author/first-name = 'Herman')]

Selects all the titles where the author's first name is "Herman," which returns NO RESULTS.

The first query returns no results because unprefixed names in an XPath query apply to elements or attributes with no namespace. There are no bookstore, book, or title elements in the target document that have no namespace. The second query returns all attribute nodes that have no namespace. Although namespace declarations are in scope for both attribute nodes returned by the query, they have no namespace because namespace declarations do not apply to attributes with unprefixed names. The third query returns no results for the same reasons the first query returns no results.

The way to perform namespace-aware XPath queries is to provide a prefix to namespace mapping to the XPath engine, then use those prefixes in the query. The prefixes provided do not need to be the same as the namespace to prefix mappings in the target document, and they must be non-empty prefixes.

Example 3

xpathquery.exe bookstore.xml /b:bookstore/b:book/b:title b urn:xmlns:25hoursaday-com:bookstore

Select all the title elements that are children of the book element whose parent is the bookstore element and returns the following:
```
    <title xmlns="urn:xmlns:25hoursaday-com:bookstore">The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin</title>
   <bk:title xmlns:bk="urn:xmlns:25hoursaday-com:bookstore">The Confidence Man</bk:title>
```
xpathquery.exe bookstore.xml //@b:genre b urn:xmlns:25hoursaday-com:bookstore

Selects all the genre attributes from the "urn:xmlns:25hoursaday-com:bookstore" namespace in the document that returns:
```
   bk:genre="fiction"
```
xpathquery.exe bookstore.xml //bk:title[(../bk:author/bk:first-name = 'Herman')] bk urn:xmlns:25hoursaday-com:bookstore

Selects all the titles where the author's first name is "Herman" and returns:
```
   <bk:title xmlns:bk="urn:xmlns:25hoursaday-com:bookstore">The Confidence Man</bk:title>
```
Note This last example is the same as the previous examples but rewritten to be namespace aware.

For more information on using XPath, read Aaron Skonnard's article Addressing Infosets with XPath and view the examples at the ZVON.org XPath tutorial.

XSLT and Namespaces

The W3C XSL transformations (XSLT) recommendation describes an XML-based language for transforming XML documents into other XML documents. XSLT transformations, also known as XML style sheets, utilize patterns (XPath) to match aspects of the target document. Upon matching nodes in the target document, templates that specify the output of a successful match can be instantiated and used to transform the document.

Support for namespaces is tightly integrated into XSLT, especially since XPath is used for matching nodes in the source document. Using namespaces in your XPath expressions inside XSLT is much easier than using the DOM.

The example that follows contains:

A program for use in executing transforms from the command line.
An XSLT stylesheet that prints all the title elements from the urn:xmlns:25hoursaday-com:bookstore namespace in the source XML document when run against the bookstore document from the urn:xmlns:25hoursaday-com:bookstore namespace.
The resulting output.

Program

Imports System.Xml.Xsl
Imports System.Xml
Imports System
Imports System.IO

Class Transformer

   Public Shared Function PrintError(e As Exception, errStr As String) As String
      
      If e Is Nothing Then
         Return errStr
      Else
         Return PrintError(e.InnerException, errStr + e.Message)
      End If 
   End Function 'PrintError
   
   'Entry point which delegates to C-style main Private Function
   Public Overloads Shared Sub Main()
      Run(System.Environment.GetCommandLineArgs())
   End Sub 'Main 
   
   
   Overloads Public Shared Sub Run(args() As String)
      
      If args.Length <> 2 Then
         Console.WriteLine("Usage: xslt source stylesheet")
         Return
      End If
      
      Try
         
         'Create the XslTransform object.
         Dim xslt As New XslTransform()
         
         'Load the stylesheet.
         xslt.Load(args(1))
         
         'Transform the file.
         Dim doc As New XmlDocument()
         doc.Load(args(0))
         
         xslt.Transform(doc, Nothing, Console.Out)
      
      Catch xmle As XmlException
         Console.WriteLine(("ERROR: XML Parse error occured because " + 
PrintError(xmle, Nothing)))
      Catch fnfe As FileNotFoundException
         Console.WriteLine(("ERROR: " + PrintError(fnfe, Nothing)))
      Catch xslte As XsltException
         Console.WriteLine(("ERROR: The following error occured while 
transforming the document: " + PrintError(xslte, Nothing)))
      Catch e As Exception
         Console.WriteLine(("UNEXPECTED ERROR" + PrintError(e, Nothing)))
      End Try
   End Sub
End Class 'Transformer

XSLT stylesheet

<xsl:stylesheet version="1.0" xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" 
   xmlns:b="urn:xmlns:25hoursaday-com:bookstore">

<xsl:template match="b:bookstore">
<book-titles>
<xsl:apply-templates select="b:book/b:title"/>
</book-titles>
</xsl:template>

<xsl:template match="b:title"> 
<xsl:copy-of select="." />
</xsl:template>
</xsl:stylesheet>

Output

<?xml version="1.0" ?>
<book-titles xmlns:msxsl="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:xslt" 
xmlns:ext="urn:my_extensions" xmlns:b="urn:xmlns:25hoursaday-com:bookstore">
<title xmlns="urn:xmlns:25hoursaday-com:bookstore">The Autobiography of 
Benjamin Franklin</title>
<bk:title xmlns="urn:xmlns:25hoursaday-com:bookstore" 
xmlns:bk="urn:xmlns:25hoursaday-com:bookstore">The Confidence 
Man</bk:title>
</book-titles>

Note that the namespace declarations from the stylesheet end up on the root node of the output XML document. Also to note is the fact that the XSLT namespace is not included in the output XML document.

Generating XSLT stylesheets from the output of your XSLT transforms is slightly cumbersome because the processor has to be able to determine the output elements from the actual stylesheet directives. There are two ways I have found to deal with this issue, both of which I'll illustrate by showing stylesheets that generate the following XMLT stylesheet as output.

<xslt:stylesheet version="1.0" 
 xmlns:xslt="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform">
<xslt:output method="text"/>
<xslt:template match="/"><xslt:text>HELLO WORLD</xslt:text></xslt:template>
</xslt:stylesheet>

The first method involves creating a variable containing the stylesheet to be created, and then using value-of in combination with the disable-output-escaping attribute to create the stylesheet.

<xsl:stylesheet version="1.0" xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform">
  <xsl:output method="xml"  encoding="utf-8"/> 
  <xsl:variable name="stylesheet">
 &lt;xslt:stylesheet version="1.0" 
 xmlns:xslt="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform"&gt;
&lt;xslt:output method="text"/&gt;
&lt;xslt:template match="/"&gt;&lt;xslt:text&gt;HELLO 
WORLD&lt;/xslt:text&gt;&lt;/xslt:template&gt;
&lt;/xslt:stylesheet&gt;
 </xsl:variable> 
 <xsl:template match="/">
  <xsl:value-of select="$stylesheet" disable-output-escaping="yes" /> 

  </xsl:template>
  </xsl:stylesheet>

This first method works best if the stylesheet being created can be easily partitioned so that it can be placed in variables. While this technique is quick and easy, it also falls into the category of gross hack, which typically tend to become unmanageable when faced with any situation requiring flexibility. For instance, when creation of the new stylesheet involves lots of dynamic creation of text and is intertwined with the stylesheet directives, the following method is preferable to the aforementioned gross hack.

<xslt:stylesheet version="1.0" xmlns:xslt="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform"
 xmlns:alias="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform-alias">
  <xslt:output method="xml"  encoding="utf-8"/> 

 <xslt:namespace-alias stylesheet-prefix="alias" result-prefix="xslt"/> 

 <xslt:template match="/">
 <alias:stylesheet version="1.0">
<alias:output method="text"/>
<alias:template match="/"><alias:text>HELLO 
WORLD</alias:text></alias:template>
</alias:stylesheet>
  </xslt:template>

  </xslt:stylesheet>

The above document uses the namespace-alias directive to substitute the alias prefix and namespace name it is bound to with the xslt prefix and the namespace name to which it is bound.

Namespaces are also used to specify mechanisms for the extension of XSLT. Namespace prefixed functions can be created that are executed in the same manner as XSLT functions. Similarly, elements from certain namespaces can be treated as extensions to XSLT and executed as if they were transformation directives like template, copy, value-of, and so on. Below is an example of a Hello World program that uses namespace-based extension functions to print the signature greeting.

<stylesheet version="1.0" 
 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform"
 xmlns:msxsl="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:xslt" 
 xmlns:newfunc="urn:my-newfunc">
 <output method="text"/>

<template match="/">
 <value-of select="newfunc:SayHello()" />
</template>

 <msxsl:script language="JavaScript" implements-prefix="newfunc">
        function SayHello() {
           return "Hello World";
        }
 </msxsl:script>
</stylesheet>

XML Namespace Caveats

Namespaces in XML, like any useful tool, can be used improperly and have various subtleties that may cause problems if users are unaware of them. This section focuses on areas where users of XML namespaces typically have problems or face misconceptions.

Versioning and Namespaces

There are two primary mechanisms used in practice to create different versions of an XML instance document. One method is to use a version attribute on the root element as is done in XSLT, while the other method is to use the namespace name of the elements as the versioning mechanism. Versioning based on namespaces is currently very popular, especially with the W3C, who have used this mechanism for various XML technologies including SOAP, XHTML, XML Schema, and RDF. The namespace URI for documents that are versioned using the namespace is typically in the following format:

      http://my.domain.example.org/product/[year/month][/area]

The primary problem with versioning XML documents by altering the namespace name in subsequent versions is that it means XML namespace-aware applications that process the documents will no longer work with the documents, and will have to be upgraded. This is primarily beneficial with document formats whose versions change infrequently, but upon changing alter the semantics of elements and attributes, thus requiring that all processors no longer work with the newer versions for fear of misinterpreting them.

On the other hand, there are a number of scenarios where an XML document versioning mechanism based on a version attribute on the root element is sufficient. A version attribute is primarily beneficial when changes in the document's structure are backwards compatible. The following situations are all areas where using a version attribute is a wise choice:

Semantics of elements and attributes will not be altered.
Changes to the document involves the addition of elements and attributes, but rarely removal.
Interoperability between applications with various versions of the processing software is necessary.

Both versioning techniques are not mutually exclusive and can be used simultaneously. For instance, XSLT uses both a version attribute on the root element, as well as a versioned namespace URI. The version attribute is used for incremental, backwards-compatible changes to the XML document's format, while altering the namespace name is done for significant changes in the semantics of the document.

Document Types

The term document type is misleading as discussed in several philosophical debates on various XML related mailing lists . In many cases, the namespace name of the root element can be used to determine how to process the document, however, this is hardly a general rule and stating it as such violates the spirit of XML namespaces as they were designed exactly so that developers could mix and match XML vocabularies.

A succinct post that captures the essence of why thinking that root element namespace URI are equivalent to a notion of document type is this post by Rick Jelliffe on XML-DEV. The essence of the post is that there are many different types that an XML document could have, including its document type as specified by its Document Type Definition (DTD), its MIME media type, its schema definition as specified by the xsi:schemaLocation attribute, its file extension, as well as the namespace name of its root element. Thus it is quite likely that in many cases a document will have many different types depending on what perspective one decides to take when examining the document.

Two examples of XML documents in which actual document types can be misconstrued by simply looking at the namespace URI of the root element are RDDL documents (sample, notice that its root element is from the XHTML namespace) and annotated mapping schemas, which have their root element is from the W3C XML Schema namespace.

In a nutshell, the type of a document cannot conclusively be determined by looking at the namespace URI of its root element. Thinking otherwise is folly.

Namespaces Future

There are a number of developments in the XML world focused on tackling some of the issues that have developed around XML namespaces. Firstly, the current draft of the W3C XML namespaces recommendation does not provide a mechanism for undeclaring namespaces that have been mapped to a prefix. The W3C XML namespaces v1.1 working draft is intended to rectify this oversight by providing a mechanism for undeclaring prefix namespace mappings in an instance document.

The debate on what should be returned on an attempt to dereference the contents of a namespace URI has lead to contentious debate in the XML world and is currently the focus of deliberations by the W3C's Technical Architecture Group. The current version of the XML namespaces recommendation does not require the namespace URI to actually be resolvable because a namespace URI is supposed to merely be a namespace name that is used as a unique identifier, and not the location of a resource on the Internet.

Tim Bray (one of the original editors of both the XML Language and XML namespaces recommendations) has written an exhaustive treatise on the issues around namespace URIs and the namespace documents that may or may not be retrieved from them. This document contains much of the reasoning that was behind his creation of the Resource Directory Description Language (RDDL), which is designed to be used for creating namespace documents.

Dare Obasanjo is a member of Microsoft's WebData team, which among other things develops the components within the System.Xml and System.Data namespace of the .NET Framework, Microsoft XML Core Services (MSXML), and Microsoft Data Access Components (MDAC).

Feel free to post any questions or comments about this article on the Extreme XML message board on GotDotNet.

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